Programming Languages

Programming Languages:-

 Programming languages are the software used to give instructions to a machine. We know that computer is a machine that only understand 0 and 1. all programs are written in programming languages that translate the codes into machine language and tell the computer what to do. There are two types of programming languages.
Low level Programming Language:-
High Level Programming Language:-

Low level Programming Language:-

A low level programming language generally machine code. only a computer (machine) can understand it. It is very difficult for human to understand it

High Level Programming Language:-

A high level programming language is specifically written in a language that is easily understood by human. In order to make it understandable for a machine special software are used these software are as followed.

Assembler:  An assembler is a software that translate the assembly language program into a machine code.

Compiler: A compiler is more powerful then an assembler because it translate a High level language's program into machine code. it also checks for errors in a program. 

Interpreter:An interpreter is a program that translates the each statement of a program into machine code one by one. As it translates only one statement of the program at a time it works very slow.

 

Linker:  High level languages include some built in header files or libraries. These libraries contains some predefined functions, these basic functions which are essential for executing the program. These functions are linked to the libraries by a software called Linker.

Loader: Loader is a program that loads machine codes of a program into the system memory. Most often these programs are part of an operating system. Operating system is responsible for starting a program.

System Utilities (Utilities software)

Utilities (System Utilities):-

System utilities are software that add or provide extra features to computer users, cut, copy, paste, delete, undo, and redo are examples of system utilities. Some utilities help users to analyze, maintain and optimize their computer for example antivirus software. Following are some types of Utilities software.

• Anti-virus utilities
• Archivers
• Backup software
• Clipboard managers
• Cryptographic utilities
• Data compression utilities
• Data synchronization utilities
• File synchronization utilities
• Revision control utilities
• Disk checkers
• Disk cleaners
• Disk compression utilities
• Disk defragmenters
• Disk partitions
• Disk space analyzers
• Disk storage utilities
• File managers
• Hex editors
• Memory testers
• Network utilities
• Registry cleaner
• Screensavers
• System monitors
• System profilers

Types of Software

Types of Software:-

I have previously mentioned in my post that there are four types of computer software.

1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utilities
4. Programming Languages

Now I will try to explain these types in detail in some next posts.

Definition of Computer Software

Definition of Computer Software:-

Sets of programs that are used to communicate with computer are called software. Or the programs that we make in the computer are called software (that we can see but not touch). Languages and Packages like MS Word, MS Excel, Basic & COBOL etc. Computer does nothing unless it is given instruction to perform.

These programs are divided into many types according to the purpose of their use. Basically their are following types of Software.

1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utilities
4. Programming Languages

Basic Computer Software hierarchy

Definition of Computer Hardware

Definition of Computer Hardware:-

The physical parts of Computer that we can touch (intangibles) are called computer hardware. These parts include Computer Case, Keyboard, Mouse, Hard-disk Drive, CD-ROM, Monitor, LCD, etc.

Components of a Computer

Computer peripherals

Examples of Harware

Define Computer

Definition of Computer:-

A Computer is an Electronics Device which take data as Input, Process data according to given Instruction. After processing data is shows the calculated Results as Output. It can also Store data for later use.

A Typical Personal Computer

Input Devices

In this lecture i will try to give introduction to some key input devices.

Keyboard:-

Keyboard is a most widely used input device. it is the normal method to input data in computer memory using keyboard. Normally a keyboard have 102 to 108 keys on it. Alphabets, Numbers and some special characters are printed on these keys. There are many layouts of keyboards. QWERTY layout is commonly used now a days. A keyboard have following sets of keys on it.
Alphabetic Keys:   (A to Z)
Numeric Keys:       (0 to 9)
Function Keys:       (F1 to F12)
Special Keys:         (ALT, CTRL,DEL, SHIFT etc.)
Special function keys:   (PG-UP, PG-DN, END, HOME, DELETE, PRINT Scr etc.)
Multimedia Keys:   (Forward, Play, Pause, Stop, next, etc. and some internet keys)
Arrow Keys:

Mouse:-

Mouse is a pointing device. We control movement of pointer on screen with the help of a Mouse. A typical mouse have 2 buttons and a scroll. Now a days some mouse come with extra multimedia buttons. Pressing a mouse button is called a click. Pressing a button twice is called a double click. Left click is normally used to select objects on screen, while right click is used to open a list of commands (Menu). Scroll is used to move pages up and down. In many latest browsers a click using scroll button opens the link in a new tab.