Hard Disk Detection Error in Pata

Hard Disk Detection Error in Pata:-

There may be many error detecting PATA HDD in computer. The Hard Disk have following errors in common.

1. There may be attached two drives on a single Data Cable with improper settings.
2. The Data cable may be itself faulty.
3. One of attached drives may have errors.
4. Mother board have faulty Bay to install Hard Drive.
5. Some times BIOS have options to disable Hard disk Drives.

Hard Disk Drive Errors

Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Drive

Definition of a Hard Disk

Hard Disk Drive may be defined as PC component that is used for the permanent storage of data. The data stored in the hard disk is not lost by power failure. Hard drives have rigid and round disk which are called platters. These platters are made of aluminum or glass. This is because of these rigid platters that the term hard disk is used. These platters cannot be removed. This is why they are sometimes called fixed disk drives.

Hard Disk Drive

DDR3 SDRAM

DDR3 SDRAM

In electronic engineering, DDR3 SDRAM or double-data-rate three synchronous dynamic random access memory is a random access memory interface technology used for high bandwidth storage of the working data of a computer or other digital electronic devices. DDR3 is part of the SDRAM family of technologies and is one of the many DRAM (dynamic random access memory) implementations.

DDR3 SDRAM is an improvement over its predecessor, DDR2 SDRAM, and the two are not compatible. The primary benefit of DDR3 is the ability to transfer at twice the data rate of DDR2 (I/O at 8× the data rate of the memory cells it contains), thus enabling higher bus rates and higher peak rates than earlier memory technologies. There is no corresponding reduction in latency, as that is a feature of the DRAM array and not the interface. In addition, the DDR3 standard allows for chip capacities of 512 megabits to 8 gigabits, effectively enabling a maximum memory module size of 16 gigabytes.

With data being transferred 64 bits at a time per memory module, DDR3 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 4 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for data rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 6400 MB/s.

DDR3 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM is a double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory interface. It supersedes the original DDR SDRAM specification and the two are not compatible. In addition to double pumping the data bus as in DDR SDRAM, (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the bus clock signal), DDR2 employs an I/O buffer between the memory and the data bus so that the data bus can be run at twice the speed of the memory clock. The two factors combine to achieve a total of 4 data transfers per memory clock cycle.

With data being transferred 64 bits at a time, DDR2 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 2 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for dual rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR2 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 3200 MB/s.

DDR2-SD RAM

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

DDR SDRAM chips :

 Standard DIMMs have 168 pins, one notch on either side, and two notches along the contact area.

DDR DIMMs

on the other hand, have 184 pins, two notches on each side, and only one notch along the contact area.

All DIMMs are either 64-bits (non-parity) or 72-bits (parity or error correcting code [ECC]) wide (data paths).

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

 A typical 168-pin SDRAM DIMM. The one shown here is 72-bit, although the dimensions would be the same for 64-bit

The pins are numbered from left to right and are connected through to both sides of the module on the SIMMs. The pins on the DIMM are different on each side, but on a SIMM, each side is the same as the other and the connections carry through.

Double Data Rate Dual Inline Memory Module (DDR-DIMM)

A typical 184-pin DDR DIMM. The one shown here is 72-bit, although the dimensions would be the same for 64-bit.

RDRAM

RDRAM

RDRAM is a wide-channel device. They transfer data only 16 bits (2 bytes) at a time (plus 2 optional parity bits), but at much faster speeds. RIMM typically runs at 800MHz, so the overall throughput is 800 × 2, or 1.6GB per second for a single channel—the same as PC1600 DDR SDRAM. Dual-channel PC800 RDRAM is also currently the fastest type of PC memory, followed by PC2100 DDR SDRAM. Whether your board supports (requires) dual-channel RDRAM is dictated by the motherboard chipset; currently, the Intel 840 and 850 chipsets support dual-channel RDRAM.

A Typical RD RAM (RDRAM)

DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM

Double data rate (DDR) SDRAM memory is an evolutionary design of standard SDRAM in which data is transferred twice as quickly. Instead of doubling the actual clock rate, DDR memory achieves the doubling in performance by transferring twice per transfer cycle: once at the leading (falling) edge and once at the trailing (rising) edge of the cycle. DDR SDRAM uses a new DIMM module design with 184 pins. DDR DIMMs are rated for either PC1600 (200MHz x 8) or PC2100 (266MHz x 8) operation or normally run on 2.5 volts. They are basically an extension of the PC100 and PC133 DIMMs redesigned to support double clocking, where data is sent on each clock transition (twice per cycle) rather than once per cycle as with standard SDRAM.

A typical DDR SD RAM

SDRAM

SDRAM

 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is for Synchronous DRAM, a type of DRAM that runs in synchronization with the memory bus. SDRAM delivers information in very high-speed bursts using a high-speed, clocked interface

Types of Computer Memory

Types of Computer Memory

Three main types of physical memory are used in modern PCs:

1. ROM: Read-only memory 
2. DRAM: Dynamic random access memory 
3. SRAM: Static RAM 

The speed of memory used to be expressed in ns (nanoseconds), and that of processor in MHz (megahertz). Newer and faster types of memory have speeds expressed in MHz A nanosecond is defined as one billionth of a second.

RAM: Random Access Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory

RAM (random access memory) is what is most often referred to when PC memory is discussed. RAM is the form of volatile memory used to hold temporary instructions and data for manipulation while the system is running.

ROM: Read-Only Memory

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile memory, generally installed by the vendor of the computer during the process of manufacturing the motherboard or secondary components that need to retain code when the machine is turned off. ROM is used extensively to program operation of computers, as well as in devices like cameras, and controls for the fuel injectors in modern cars. However, ROM plays a limited role in the PC. Here, it holds the instructions for performing the POST routine and the BIOS information used to describe the system configuration.

Nonvolatile and Volatile Memory

Nonvolatile and Volatile Memory

There are two major classes of computer memory: Nonvolatile and Volatile. Nonvolatile Memory is retained even if the power is shut off. The setup data held in CMOS, discussed in the preceding lessons, is a good example of nonvolatile memory. If the data is lost when the computer loses power, the memory is said to be Volatile.

Memory

Memory

All computer memory is used to hold binary strings of data destined to be manipulated by the CPU. Think of memory as a vast bank of switches with two positions: on or off. Off is given the value of "0"; on is given the value of "1." This allows the switches to hold binary data based on whether they are open or closed.

Computer Hardware Exercises

Computer Hardware Exercises
Fill In The Blanks

1. ISA is an acronym for ____________________________________________. 
2. The Universal Serial Bus simply use _________ number of wires to connection. 
3. BIOS is an acronym for ___________________________________________ 
4. Originally 8-bit version of ISA runs at ________ MHz in the PC. 
5. The default IRQ for COM1 is _____________________________________. 
6. Full-Size AT motherboards live in ___________________ form Factor. 
7. The voltage of CMOS batteries ranges from ___________ to ___________. 
8. CMOS stands for _______________________________________________ 
9. POST is an acronym of__________________________________________
10. PCMCIA acronym of ___________________________________________
11. The largest, fastest, most expensive type of computer is the ______________. 
12. The most commonly used input device is the __________________________.     
13. The raw facts are called ____________________.                     
14. The term multimedia refers to __________________.                
15. CPU stands for________________.                         
16. A megabyte is actually equal to ___________ kilobytes.            
17. keyboards, mouse and microphone are examples of _____________    
18. Package software is the kind of ____________program.        
19. 1 GB is equal to ___________kb.                    
20. Inkjet and laser printer is a type of _____________printers.        
21. Hard disk, floppy diskette, CDs are example of ___________________.
22.  Windows Vista is a _______________________________
23. Software has ___________ types
24. The raw facts are called ____________________.                 
25. Each device has specific software which is installed to operate it, called, _______.    
26. Short key use for closing the documents is, ___________________________
27. For Minimizing all open windows press, ___________________________
28. Moving between different Applications Press, __________________________
29. Power Options are set for saving _____________________
30. CD is stand for ___________________________________
31. DVD is stand for _____________________________________
32. CMOS is stand for ____________________________________________.
33. BIOS is stand for ___________________________________________
34. POST is an acronym of _________________________________________.
35. HDD could be damaged from _______________________________.
36. The utility that prevent HDD from virus is called _________________.
37. 2 HDD can be installed on a single data cable by ________________ setting.
38. IDE  stand for _________________________________________________
39. There are two types of HDD used on Motherboard IDE and ______________
40. CMOS cell saved the ________________ setting of computer system
41. Viruses are damaged the __________ of HDD

LPT Ports

LPT Ports

LPT ports are use for parallel data communication. The name is derived from their original use with printers (LPT—line printer). The original IBM standard LPT port did not provide bi-directional communications (talk-back) and was designed solely for one-way data streams to a printer. IBM presents a preset combination of IRQ's and I/O addresses that are shows bellow. Note that IRQ-5 if present, it quickly become the favorite for devices like sound card and other add-on devices.

Port	IO Address	IRQ Number
LPT1	378	7
LPT2	278	5

COM Ports

COM Ports

IBM created preset combinations of IRQs and I/O addresses for serial devices. These preset combinations are called ports. The word "port" simply means a portal or two-way access. The preset combinations are called COM ports for serial devices. The purpose of a port is to make installation easier. Modems and printers, therefore, do not require IRQ or I/O settings. When assigned to an active port (as long as no other device is using that port), they will start working. The following table lists standard COM ports.

Port	IO Address	IRQ Number
COM1	3F8	4
COM2	2F8	3
COM3	3E8	4
COM4	2E8	3

I/O port Addresses

I/O port Addresses

I/O port addresses are located in the Hardware Resources category in System Information. It is the communication channel among hardware devices in the system. I/O addresses are identifying in Hexadecimal number system. Unlike IRQ,s and DMA there are 65,535 ports addresses are exists number from 0000h to FFFFh. Virtually all system buses use I/O port addresses. Most of them are fairly standardized, meaning they would not be conflict or problem with these settings. Some common I/O addresses are listed below:

Port	IO Address
COM1	3F8
COM2	2F8
COM3	3E8
COM4	2E8
LPT1	378
LPT2	278

IRQ (Interrupt Request)

IRQ (Interrupt Request)

These are the hardware lines over which devices can send signals to get the attention of the processor; in other word the controlling the flow of communication is called interruption. Each device must have a unique IRQ line. Every CPU has a wire called the INT wire. If voltage is applied to this wire, the CPU suspends its current operations, save its status. And transfers to the interrupt handler (special routine), which contains the instructions for dealing with the device that cause of interrupt.

To find out the IRQ values click start, program, Accessories, System Tools and System Information. Then extend the hardware resources to see the IRQ information. Following table shows the list of different IRQ,s and their availability to change.

IRQ No	Function	Available For Change
IRQ 0	System timer	No
IRQ 1	Keyboard controller	No
IRQ 2/9	Available	Yes
IRQ 3	COM2, COM4	Usually
IRQ 4	COM1, COM3	Usually
IRQ 5	LPT2	Usually
IRQ 6	Floppy disk controller	No
IRQ 7	LPT1	Usually
IRQ 8	Real-time clock	No
IRQ 10	Available	Yes
IRQ 11	SCSI/available	Yes
IRQ 12	Available	Yes
IRQ 13	Math coprocessor	Yes If there is no math coprocessor
IRQ 14	Primary IDE controller	No
IRQ 15	Secondary IDE controller	Usually