کمپیوٹر کیا ہے؟کمپیوٹر کی اردو میں تعریف کریں

 کمپیوٹر کیا ہے؟

کمپیوٹر ایک الیکٹرونک ڈیوائس ہے جو کہ ڈیٹا کو کو دی گئی ہدایات کے مطابق ق پراسس کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی لفظ کمپیوٹر دو لاطینی الفاظ سے مل کر بنا ہے۔

کمپیوٹ کا مطلب ہوتا ہے جمع نفی ضرب تقسیم کرنا۔

کمپیوٹئیر کا مطلب ہوتا ہے دو چیزوں کا کا موازنہ کرنا۔

ہم کمپیوٹر کی تعریف ان الفاظ میں بھی کر سکتے ہیں ہیں کمپیوٹر ایک الیکٹرانک ڈیوائس ہے جو کہ دی گئی ہدایات کے مطابق ڈیٹا کو پروسیس کرتی ہے اور ڈیٹا سے مفید نتائج اخذ کرکے ان کو بطور آوٹ پٹ کمپیوٹر پر ظاہر کرتی ہے

History of Computer

 History of Computer

Imagine a world without computers. A world where humanity\rquote s knowledge is no longer at your fingertips.

A world where a tool that you use every day just no longer exists. A world where you wouldnt be watching this video right here, right now. Computers have penetrated nearly every

facet of our lives. But how did they become so ubiquitous? This is the history of the

computer. \par Today, the word computer refers to the devices

that we interact with to work, connect and play. However, it historically described machines

that were used in performing calculations with numbers. As part of this video, we will study the evolution of the earliest devices used for computations and how they become

the computers that we depend on today. \par The abacus was a computational tool used for

hundreds of years and is generally considered to be the first calculator. The exact origin

of the device is still unknown but the Sumerian abacus appeared as early as 2700 \f1\endash

2300 BCE in Mesopotamia. It has been mentioned in numerous civilizations throughout history,

including in Ancient Egypt, Persia, Greece, China, Rome and India.

Another famous calculator from the past was the astrolabe, which was used to measure the

elevation of celestial bodies in the sky. The earliest known reference to one was from

around the 2nd century BCE in the Hellenistic civilization. In addition to its value to

astronomers, the astrolabe became indispensable for sailors since it allowed them to determine

their local latitude on long voyages. \par One defining quality of modern computers that

separates them from simple calculators is the fact that they can be programmed. This

allows them to automatically perform certain tasks without continual human input. In the

19th century, Charles Babbage conceptualized the first programmable, mechanical computer.

His design utilized punch cards to input instructions that the machine would carry out. Unfortunately,

it proved too complex to economically produce and the project was cancelled after the British

government stopped funding. \par The early 20th century saw analog computers

develop further as they were put to work to solve complex mathematical problems. The differential

analyzer is the most famous example of this and was built at MIT by Vannevar Bush in the

1920s. Bush later became involved in the Manhattan project to produce nuclear weapons and even

inspired the invention of the World Wide Web nearly 50 years before its creation. \par

World War 2 led to a strong leap in computer technology as nations tried to gain the upper

hand over their adversaries. Computers were primarily built to calculate firing tables

to improve artillery accuracy and to break enemy code to gain valuable intelligence.

The first large scale digital computer was built by Howard Aiken in 1944 at Harvard University;

it was one of the first machines that used electrical switches to store numbers. When

the switch was off, it stored zero and while on, it stored the number one. Modern computers

follow this same binary principle. This time period also saw the rise of vacuum tubes,

which offered much faster performance than traditional relay switches.

The most famous vacuum tube computer and one considered to be the predecessor of modern

machines was the ENIAC, invented by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. It was the first fully

electronic and general-purpose digital computer.

Despite vacuum tubes offering advantages over electromechanical switches, they had their

own drawbacks. They consumed enormous quantities of power, were unreliable and needed large

amounts of space. In 1947, three scientists at Bell Labs discovered that semiconductors

could be used to more effectively amplify electrical signals. This led to the creations

of the transistor, which paved the way for modern computing. Transistors were much smaller

than vacuum tubes, used no power unless in operation and were extremely reliable. William

Shockley, one of the inventors of the transistor, continued refining it and founded a company

in Palo Alto, California. This would foreshadow Silicon Valley\rquote s development into the

global hub of computing over the next few decades. 

In the late 1950s, two teams independently built the integrated circuit, a collection

of transistors and other components that could be manufactured on a large scale. This was

a major breakthrough that led to computers shrinking throughout the 1960s. In 1968, the

general-purpose microprocessor was invented and was the first example of a computer existing

on a single chip. \par The miniaturization of microchips allowed

Intel to release a processor known as the 8080 in 1974. This was used by hobbyists to

build home computers. One such hobbyist was Steve Wozniak, who partnered with his friend

Steve Jobs to found a company named Apple and begin selling home computers. Although

the first iteration didn\rquote t sell well, their second machine was sold as the Apple

II and gained popularity among home users, schools and small businesses due to its ease

of use. In 1980, the market leader for computers was IBM and they responded with their first

personal computer, also based on the Intel 8080 processor.

The main problem with early computers was that

they all used different hardware, and programs written for one machine would not work with

others. In 1976, Gary Kildall created an intermediary between a machine\rquote s software and hardware;

this became the first operating system. IBM was eager to implement this into their PCs;

however, after Kildall refused to sell to them, they turned to a young programmer named

Bill Gates at a company named Microsoft. After convincing IBM to let Microsoft own the rights

to its operating system, Gates developed MS-DOS, which he licensed to IBM and eventually other

PC manufacturers. This led Microsoft to become the titan it is today. 

At Apple, Steve Jobs was determined to make computers easier to use. He was inspired by

research that Xerox had conducted in the 1970s, which included computers with a desktop-like

screen, mouse and graphical user interface. Jobs borrowed these ideas and eventually launched

the Macintosh, which hurt IBM\rquote s position in the industry. These features were eventually

implemented by Bill Gates into Windows, which led to a copyright lawsuit in the late 1980s.

Microsoft eventually prevailed and Windows became the dominant operating system for home

personal computers, where it remains to this day. 

The 1980s and beyond have seen computers find numerous new applications. They appeared in

watches, cars, cellphones, airplanes. They became portable and ever-present. Today, computers

are everywhere. And yet, the future remains even more promising. Quantum computers could

signal a paradigm shift as humanity can tackle complex problems that today\rquote s machines

cannot solve. A move away from silicon may reignite the pace of transistor development.

Computers will be crucial for us in reaching out into space and exploring

the stars. They may have humble beginnings but no matter what challenges humanity faces,

the descendants of that abacus from Mesopotamia will be always be alongside us. 

Thanks for watching and I hope you enjoyed the video. Feel free to drop a like or leave

a comment down below and make suggestions for any future videos. I\rquote ll be trying

to get back into making these. So, thanks again and I will see everyone next time!

What is Computer

 computers are all around us

from laptop computers to smartphones

to smart watches they're changing the

way that we live our lives

but have you ever asked yourself 

what exactly is a computer?

a computer is an

electronic device

that manipulates information or data

the computer sees data as ones and zeros

but it knows how to combine them into

much more complex things

such as a photo movie

website game and much more

computers use a combination of hardware

and software

hardware is any physical part of the

computer which includes the internal

components

and the external parts like the monitor

and keyboard

software is any set of instructions that

tells the hardware what to 

such as a web browser media player or

word processor when most people say

computer they're talking about a

personal computer

this can be a desktop computer or a

laptop

which has basically the same

capabilities but in a more portable

package

personal computers come in a few

different styles

the most common type uses the windows

operating system

macs or macintosh computers feature the

mac os

operating system while chromebooks run

on chrome os

smartphones and other mobile devices

mostly use the ios

or android operating systems we'll talk

more about operating systems

in a later lectures

computers come in many other shapes and

sizes

tvs game consoles and even appliances

like refrigerators can have built-in

computers

although they may not do everything a

desktop or laptop can

there is another type of computer that

plays an important role in our lives

servers a server sends information to

other computers on a network

in fact every time you use the internet

web servers deliver the web pages that

you want to see

to your computer servers are also used

in many offices

to store and share files

as you can see there are many types of

computers out there and each one plays a part in our modern world of global creating opportunities for a

better life

Hard Disk Detection Error in Pata

Hard Disk Detection Error in Pata:-

There may be many error detecting PATA HDD in computer. The Hard Disk have following errors in common.

1. There may be attached two drives on a single Data Cable with improper settings.
2. The Data cable may be itself faulty.
3. One of attached drives may have errors.
4. Mother board have faulty Bay to install Hard Drive.
5. Some times BIOS have options to disable Hard disk Drives.

Hard Disk Drive Errors

Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Drive

Definition of a Hard Disk

Hard Disk Drive may be defined as PC component that is used for the permanent storage of data. The data stored in the hard disk is not lost by power failure. Hard drives have rigid and round disk which are called platters. These platters are made of aluminum or glass. This is because of these rigid platters that the term hard disk is used. These platters cannot be removed. This is why they are sometimes called fixed disk drives.

Hard Disk Drive

DDR3 SDRAM

DDR3 SDRAM

In electronic engineering, DDR3 SDRAM or double-data-rate three synchronous dynamic random access memory is a random access memory interface technology used for high bandwidth storage of the working data of a computer or other digital electronic devices. DDR3 is part of the SDRAM family of technologies and is one of the many DRAM (dynamic random access memory) implementations.

DDR3 SDRAM is an improvement over its predecessor, DDR2 SDRAM, and the two are not compatible. The primary benefit of DDR3 is the ability to transfer at twice the data rate of DDR2 (I/O at 8× the data rate of the memory cells it contains), thus enabling higher bus rates and higher peak rates than earlier memory technologies. There is no corresponding reduction in latency, as that is a feature of the DRAM array and not the interface. In addition, the DDR3 standard allows for chip capacities of 512 megabits to 8 gigabits, effectively enabling a maximum memory module size of 16 gigabytes.

With data being transferred 64 bits at a time per memory module, DDR3 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 4 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for data rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 6400 MB/s.

DDR3 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR2 SDRAM is a double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory interface. It supersedes the original DDR SDRAM specification and the two are not compatible. In addition to double pumping the data bus as in DDR SDRAM, (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the bus clock signal), DDR2 employs an I/O buffer between the memory and the data bus so that the data bus can be run at twice the speed of the memory clock. The two factors combine to achieve a total of 4 data transfers per memory clock cycle.

With data being transferred 64 bits at a time, DDR2 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 2 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for dual rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR2 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 3200 MB/s.

DDR2-SD RAM

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

DDR SDRAM chips :

 Standard DIMMs have 168 pins, one notch on either side, and two notches along the contact area.

DDR DIMMs

on the other hand, have 184 pins, two notches on each side, and only one notch along the contact area.

All DIMMs are either 64-bits (non-parity) or 72-bits (parity or error correcting code [ECC]) wide (data paths).

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

 A typical 168-pin SDRAM DIMM. The one shown here is 72-bit, although the dimensions would be the same for 64-bit

The pins are numbered from left to right and are connected through to both sides of the module on the SIMMs. The pins on the DIMM are different on each side, but on a SIMM, each side is the same as the other and the connections carry through.

Double Data Rate Dual Inline Memory Module (DDR-DIMM)

A typical 184-pin DDR DIMM. The one shown here is 72-bit, although the dimensions would be the same for 64-bit.

RDRAM

RDRAM

RDRAM is a wide-channel device. They transfer data only 16 bits (2 bytes) at a time (plus 2 optional parity bits), but at much faster speeds. RIMM typically runs at 800MHz, so the overall throughput is 800 × 2, or 1.6GB per second for a single channel—the same as PC1600 DDR SDRAM. Dual-channel PC800 RDRAM is also currently the fastest type of PC memory, followed by PC2100 DDR SDRAM. Whether your board supports (requires) dual-channel RDRAM is dictated by the motherboard chipset; currently, the Intel 840 and 850 chipsets support dual-channel RDRAM.

A Typical RD RAM (RDRAM)

DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM

Double data rate (DDR) SDRAM memory is an evolutionary design of standard SDRAM in which data is transferred twice as quickly. Instead of doubling the actual clock rate, DDR memory achieves the doubling in performance by transferring twice per transfer cycle: once at the leading (falling) edge and once at the trailing (rising) edge of the cycle. DDR SDRAM uses a new DIMM module design with 184 pins. DDR DIMMs are rated for either PC1600 (200MHz x 8) or PC2100 (266MHz x 8) operation or normally run on 2.5 volts. They are basically an extension of the PC100 and PC133 DIMMs redesigned to support double clocking, where data is sent on each clock transition (twice per cycle) rather than once per cycle as with standard SDRAM.

A typical DDR SD RAM

SDRAM

SDRAM

 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is for Synchronous DRAM, a type of DRAM that runs in synchronization with the memory bus. SDRAM delivers information in very high-speed bursts using a high-speed, clocked interface

Types of Computer Memory

Types of Computer Memory

Three main types of physical memory are used in modern PCs:

1. ROM: Read-only memory 
2. DRAM: Dynamic random access memory 
3. SRAM: Static RAM 

The speed of memory used to be expressed in ns (nanoseconds), and that of processor in MHz (megahertz). Newer and faster types of memory have speeds expressed in MHz A nanosecond is defined as one billionth of a second.

RAM: Random Access Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory

RAM (random access memory) is what is most often referred to when PC memory is discussed. RAM is the form of volatile memory used to hold temporary instructions and data for manipulation while the system is running.

ROM: Read-Only Memory

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile memory, generally installed by the vendor of the computer during the process of manufacturing the motherboard or secondary components that need to retain code when the machine is turned off. ROM is used extensively to program operation of computers, as well as in devices like cameras, and controls for the fuel injectors in modern cars. However, ROM plays a limited role in the PC. Here, it holds the instructions for performing the POST routine and the BIOS information used to describe the system configuration.

Nonvolatile and Volatile Memory

Nonvolatile and Volatile Memory

There are two major classes of computer memory: Nonvolatile and Volatile. Nonvolatile Memory is retained even if the power is shut off. The setup data held in CMOS, discussed in the preceding lessons, is a good example of nonvolatile memory. If the data is lost when the computer loses power, the memory is said to be Volatile.

Memory

Memory

All computer memory is used to hold binary strings of data destined to be manipulated by the CPU. Think of memory as a vast bank of switches with two positions: on or off. Off is given the value of "0"; on is given the value of "1." This allows the switches to hold binary data based on whether they are open or closed.

Computer Hardware Exercises

Computer Hardware Exercises
Fill In The Blanks

1. ISA is an acronym for ____________________________________________. 
2. The Universal Serial Bus simply use _________ number of wires to connection. 
3. BIOS is an acronym for ___________________________________________ 
4. Originally 8-bit version of ISA runs at ________ MHz in the PC. 
5. The default IRQ for COM1 is _____________________________________. 
6. Full-Size AT motherboards live in ___________________ form Factor. 
7. The voltage of CMOS batteries ranges from ___________ to ___________. 
8. CMOS stands for _______________________________________________ 
9. POST is an acronym of__________________________________________
10. PCMCIA acronym of ___________________________________________
11. The largest, fastest, most expensive type of computer is the ______________. 
12. The most commonly used input device is the __________________________.     
13. The raw facts are called ____________________.                     
14. The term multimedia refers to __________________.                
15. CPU stands for________________.                         
16. A megabyte is actually equal to ___________ kilobytes.            
17. keyboards, mouse and microphone are examples of _____________    
18. Package software is the kind of ____________program.        
19. 1 GB is equal to ___________kb.                    
20. Inkjet and laser printer is a type of _____________printers.        
21. Hard disk, floppy diskette, CDs are example of ___________________.
22.  Windows Vista is a _______________________________
23. Software has ___________ types
24. The raw facts are called ____________________.                 
25. Each device has specific software which is installed to operate it, called, _______.    
26. Short key use for closing the documents is, ___________________________
27. For Minimizing all open windows press, ___________________________
28. Moving between different Applications Press, __________________________
29. Power Options are set for saving _____________________
30. CD is stand for ___________________________________
31. DVD is stand for _____________________________________
32. CMOS is stand for ____________________________________________.
33. BIOS is stand for ___________________________________________
34. POST is an acronym of _________________________________________.
35. HDD could be damaged from _______________________________.
36. The utility that prevent HDD from virus is called _________________.
37. 2 HDD can be installed on a single data cable by ________________ setting.
38. IDE  stand for _________________________________________________
39. There are two types of HDD used on Motherboard IDE and ______________
40. CMOS cell saved the ________________ setting of computer system
41. Viruses are damaged the __________ of HDD

LPT Ports

LPT Ports

LPT ports are use for parallel data communication. The name is derived from their original use with printers (LPT—line printer). The original IBM standard LPT port did not provide bi-directional communications (talk-back) and was designed solely for one-way data streams to a printer. IBM presents a preset combination of IRQ's and I/O addresses that are shows bellow. Note that IRQ-5 if present, it quickly become the favorite for devices like sound card and other add-on devices.

Port	IO Address	IRQ Number
LPT1	378	7
LPT2	278	5

COM Ports

COM Ports

IBM created preset combinations of IRQs and I/O addresses for serial devices. These preset combinations are called ports. The word "port" simply means a portal or two-way access. The preset combinations are called COM ports for serial devices. The purpose of a port is to make installation easier. Modems and printers, therefore, do not require IRQ or I/O settings. When assigned to an active port (as long as no other device is using that port), they will start working. The following table lists standard COM ports.

Port	IO Address	IRQ Number
COM1	3F8	4
COM2	2F8	3
COM3	3E8	4
COM4	2E8	3

I/O port Addresses

I/O port Addresses

I/O port addresses are located in the Hardware Resources category in System Information. It is the communication channel among hardware devices in the system. I/O addresses are identifying in Hexadecimal number system. Unlike IRQ,s and DMA there are 65,535 ports addresses are exists number from 0000h to FFFFh. Virtually all system buses use I/O port addresses. Most of them are fairly standardized, meaning they would not be conflict or problem with these settings. Some common I/O addresses are listed below:

Port	IO Address
COM1	3F8
COM2	2F8
COM3	3E8
COM4	2E8
LPT1	378
LPT2	278